Сухăр
Сухăр — ӳсентăрансен йĕркеллĕ е паталогилле пурнăçĕн активлăхне пула юхса тухса сывлăшра хытса ларакан япалалăхсем. Ӳсентăрансемпе çыхăнман çавнашкал йăмлăхсене ытларах чухне «сухăр» темеççĕ, вĕсене сăмала теççĕ.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA..jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA..jpg)
Кунсăр пуçне:
- Хăлха шăтăкĕнче пухăнакан сухăр
- Сурăх çăмĕнче пухăнакан сухăр.
Çавăн пекех
тӳрлетÇăлкуçсем
тӳрлет- (en) Jean H. Langenheim, Plant Resins. Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany, Timber Press, 2003 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 129-140.
- Jean Semal, Traité de pathologie végétale, Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, 1989, p. 27
- (en) F. Lieutier et A. A. Berryman, « Elicitation of defensive reactions in conifers », dans Mattson W.J., Levieux J., Bemard-Dagan C., Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects, Springer, 1988, p. 313–319
- Marcin Krasnodębski. L’Institut du Pin et la chimie des résines en Aquitaine (1900-1970). Histoire, Philosophie et Sociologie des sciences. Université de Bordeaux, 2016. Français. Lire en ligne [archive]
- Cours complet d'agriculture ou nouveau dictionnaire d'agriculture théorique et pratique. Pourrat, 1836. Lire en ligne [archive]
- François Couplan, Eva Styner, Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, Delachaux et Niestlé, 1994, p. 18.
- Bear Grylls, Le guide de la survie extrême NED, Hachette Pratique, 2019, p. 75.
- Source : Communiqué de presse du Fonds national Suisse de la Recherche scientifique, 21 juin 2007 Voir [archive], Accès à l'article (payant) [archive]